Gay Community Essay Example for Free

Gay Community EssayThe homo community or LGBT community is a loosely defined grouping of LGBT and LGBT supportive people, organizations and subcultures united by common culture and civil rights movements. Furthermore, the remarkable growth of the light community in recent account has revolutionized our culture and consciousness, creating radically new possibilities for people to come out, and live more openly as homosexuals. Before the early years, homosexuality was a taboo subject. Since then, times have changed and this community is somewhat being accepted. Moreover, this diverse community is constantly expanding, and consists of some(prenominal) types of people. The gay community has gained great attention in arts, entertainment, media, and politics. around of the people that make up this community individually have their own unique style in all different aspects.Consisting of races throughout all aspects of life, the gay community is worldwide. That being said, what m akes up the gay community? Within the LGBT communities, in that location exist identifiable sub-communities, such as the leather community, bear community, chubby community, lesbian community, bisexual community, transgender community, and the drag community. Nevertheless, each one of the sub-communities have there own particular ways and views of there sexuality. In other words, they all stick together.The gay community generally celebrates pride, diversity, individuality, and sexuality. The term gay pride is used to express the LGBT communitys identity and collective strengths gay pride parades provide two a prime example of the use and a demonstration of the general meaning of the term. Also, within the gay community some people create there own particular family. These families consist of the mom, dad, children, and so on. They create a bond and they indeed stick together. Other interests within the gay communities include gay nightclubs, pageants, balls, and similarly lip si nging shows.The gay community is frequently associated with certain symbols especially rainbow or the rainbow flag. The Greek lambda symbols (L for liberation), triangles, ribbons, and gender symbols are also used as gay acceptance symbol. There a many types of flags to represent subdivisions in the gay community but the most commonly recognized one is the rainbow flag. Nevertheless, each color represents a value in the community. Pink represents sexuality, red represents life, orange represents healing, yellow represent the sun, green represents nature, blue represents art, indigo represents harmony, and last but non least, violent represents spirit. As far as language, the gay community have there own catch, just as other slangs homogeneous African Americans, Judaic slang, Hispanic slang, or any other slang. Usually one must be in the group to know its slang, but there are many words in gay slang that are known to all of us, such as drag queen, butch, or bull dyke. Other newer gay slang words used today are fag-hag, which is a straight female who prefers the company of a gay male and dish which means gossip.Communication between gays, what they say opposed to how they say it, is quite unique. For instance, many gay males use alternate lady-names, and masculine female use alternate male-names, both used as a form of address within gay circles. The gay community is continuously growing and has been acknowledged in so many ways. Homosexuality is manifestly more accepted and tolerated in the United States today than decades ago. There are laws in many states that make it a crime to discriminate based on sexual orientation and many communities across the country have gays and lesbians openly serving in important roles. Yet there are many who keep mum oppose homosexuality and many object to it on religious grounds. I do pride this community because I am apart of it. But like the old saying says To each is his own. Everyone has there own opinion.

Our Babies, Ourselves Essay Example for Free

Our Babies, Ourselves EssayDependence during infancy is unique amongst hominids comp atomic number 18d to opposite beings. However, different cultures in the world differ on how they cater to this dependency. For example, the American culture is influenced by individualism, therefore they tend to rear their children in such a way that they provide grow up as an independent individual. On the other hand, Japanese are likely to be more affectionate in their child procreation culture.And on both instances, infants who were reared up the American or Japanese way, their anticipated adult traits remain to be visible. As the article Our Babies, Ourselves suggests, the care given to an infant during his most dependent stage is reflected when the infant grows up and he develops his own sense of independence and survival skills. The training up process, whether an individual is being given over adequate attention or being least assisted during infancy is reflected by his developed r eflexes and skills in his grown up stage.For the Gusii child-rearing practices, infants were held closer to their parents compared to other cultures. Here, infants develop a closer bond to their mothers, and later on towards other children to develop their interpersonal skills better. Moreover, apart from the physical and emotional aspects of development, neurological and genetic developments of infants are also being attributed to their rearing up practices.Thus, the uniqueness developed by an individual regarding his skills, competencies and survival instincts is defined by infant care that was rendered to him by his parents. However, the rearing up process is highly shaped and influenced by traditions within a culture, thus creating cross-cultural differences when it comes to child development across different nations and races.

Factors Influencing While Purchasing Tyres

Factors Influencing While Purchasing tiresAbstractIn this project I have study of factors influencing while purchasing tires JK tires manufactured by Jk tire Industries.In this competitive era of grocery storeing where the satisfaction of the node towards the product is become get-go priority, it is therefore very important to analyze customer behaviour. Consumer behaviour can be looked upon as study of how individuals claim decisions on how to spend their available resources like time, effort, money in various consumption tie in items. The understanding of customer needs and wants is one of the major underpinning construct of food marketing. Withtaboo putting customer on the top participation cannot get success, forgetting success every union should target customer, because market is totally customer oriented.This project evaluated which factors influence the customer most when he/she goes for purchasing tires. Finally I have go forn umpteen views and suggestions to the club with which they can satisfy the customer the most.PrefaceInspite of theoretical knowledge gained through with(predicate) class room study, a person is incomplete if notsubjectedto mulish exposureof real corporate human. He may have to face hurdules, which will be difficultto overcomewith start any showtime hand flummox of business.In this context, research program has been designedto make aw atomic number 18 ofhappening of real business. The project entitled Factors influencingwhile purchasing tires with special refrece to JK tires, has been done at New Delhi and Jalandhar as completion part of Msc International Business.In my work- effect dissertation, we worked upon the analysis of the JK tire industries in New Delhi and Jalandhar by customer attitude throughthe individualized refer andquestionnaires. During my work-based dissertation, I got opportunity to apply my theoretical skills and knowledge and meaningful concept to actual business condition and Familiarizewi th the marketing activities of the products. exclusively the work done on thisproject is confined to mybroute objective.In todays macrocosm of intense competition and rapid dynamism, all companies oecumenical ar tuning their focus on the customer. Suddenly, customer had succeeded in capturing all attention of the companies towards him, so much so, that maxim, customer is god has become so authentic and relevant today. There has been a paradigm shift in the thinking of these companies and none other than customer has brought this about.Earlier there was seller market, since the goods and services were in short supply and sellers use to call the shots. But ever since the advent of era of globalization there has been total transformation in the way of customers world perceived. Today, marketers are marketers are directing their effort in retaining customers and customer base.The customer importance has assumed imponderable proportion in todays world because of inherent value tha t customers command. A customer can make or break the company. It is the right of every company that to see all its customers are as satisfied with them , for one single dissatisfied customer will tell at least nine other customer about the dissatisfaction and will outpouring off the drawing string reaction and spell doom for that companyIn the past customer were taken as ride, as there were not many players in the fields, not much importance was attached to product safety, quality, service and product appeal. The attitude of manufacturer was that of Caveat-emptor. Thanks to the establishment policies on liberalization, globalization and privatization, the market has changed today. Today customer has host of defence mechanism like customer protection laws, regulation of government, the powerful hands of validation, switching to or competitors. The maxim Caveat-emptor has been replaced by Caveat-venditor.In the past after sales service was consider as cost centre, companies wer e lethargic in attending the customer complaints. Availability of trainee service personal and quality genuine spare parts was serious problems. However, with rising competition, there could not be much product incompatibleiation as product, quality was corresponding and latest applied science was with each and every company in the field.Since there could not be much differential a tangible assets, the companies concentrated on the intangible assets normally service factor which served as major differentiator. Today after sales is considered as major aspect for every company and it is no more considered as cost centre but now it considered as salary centreCompany profileJK tire is only when manufacturer of hand truck and bus tyres and second largest manufacturers of 4- bikeers. JK tyre and Industries in counted among the huge corporate entity which is the symbol of excellence, diversification and pioneering brisk technologies. Since its commencement it has been supreme in the value of technology which do it grow .JK tyre manufacturers and sells the tyres and tubes fot rider car, truck, jeep, buses, multi utility fomite,tractors and light commercial vehicle under its brand JK tyre. The company is the only manufacturer of T H high performance tyres in India. JK ranked Highest in customer satisfaction with original tyres by J.D power Asia Pacific Study.Its customers are mostly heir for four wheelers, entire Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) in India along with state and defence transport units. Moreover JK have customer base across 45 countries and 6 continents.Administrative OfficeLink House, 3, Bahadurshah Zafar Marg, New Delhi 110 002http//www.jktyre.com/j-k-industries-limited.htmlVision missionVisionTo be amongstmost admired companies in India committed to excellence thrillBe customer obsessed companyNo. 1 tyre Brand in IndiaDeliver enhance value to all stakeholdersMost paid tyre company in IndiaEnhance global presence through acquisitionMot ivated and committedteam developmentfor high performanceorganizationhttp//www.jktyre.com/j-k-industries-limited.htmlKey developmentsJK tyre industries Earning results for first quarter declared 30.06.09For the first quarter company has reportednet profit of INR 40.75 crores or earnings of Rs 9.92per share on the Net Sales of INR 897.67 Crores In gross sales has been INR 964.58 Crores .The board emailprotected 27% dividend on equity shares for the financial year ended 31 march 2009 . Companies profit before tax had been INR 62.16 crores and operatingprofit was INR 107.14 Crores. Performanceduring the quarter has significantly improved on account of all round cost reduction measures, soften operatingeffeciencies, productivity, and richer product mix.First tyre company to receive ISO 14001.First and only tyre company to export passengercar radial to Europe. pieces first tyre manufacturer to get QS9000 for its action.Indias first to get ISO 9001.JK tyre is pioneer in promoting Rallyi ng, karting, motor sports, JK tyrepioneer of make radial technology.Customer satisfactionJK tyre is the preferred choice of the all leading vehicle manufacturers in India likeMaruti (http//www.jktyre.com/directors-report06.pdf)BEML (http//www.overdrive.in/story-news-general_news/jk_tyre_to_produce_otr_tyres-12662-0.html)Ashok Leyland (http//www.financialexpress.com/news/truck-tyre-mkt-on-road-to-radialisation/88811/)TATA MotorsMahindraForce motorsVolvo (http//www.thehindubusinessline.com/iw/2008/03/09/stories/2008030950701 ampere-second.htm)JK Tyre meets ISO 9001, QS9000, ISO14001,E-MARK, DOT,IN METRO standards where ever applicable. JK Tyres efficient RD department is deeply involved in do improvements in the product performance, quality, and bring out new products. Company aims to give satisfaction to its customer by offering high quality and cost effective tyres and tubes.(http//www.jktyre.com/quality-policy.html)History of the companyOn 14 February 1951 JK organization was inc orporated as a private limited company. Till 31 March 1970, the company was involved only in the business managing agency. After that, company took manufacturing activities and in February 1972 company obtained the letter of intent for production of automobile tyres and tubes. In 1974 company manufactured 4 lakh automobiles tyres and tubes per annum then on 1st April 1974 company was converted into reality limited company.After this company promoted manufacturing project, it was done by J.K. Synthetics Ltd and straw Products Ltd. The company took international step by collaboration with worldwide Tire Co.,U.S.A.,which was subsidiary of General Tire Rubber Co.,U.S.A. ,this collaboration was for the technological services which was for about 5 years and sales agreement for the supply of technical know-how, engineer and documentation for operation facilities for eight years. According to the agreement, J.K. tyre had right to use on its products the wording make in the collaboration with General Tire Co.Company renewed its technical collaboration agreement for further 5 years. In 1987 apart from 51 days strike as swell as go slow from 14 Octoberthe overall working resulted in substantial profits. Since the strike was resolved efforts were made to launch a new pattern in mark belted stellate tyres and it was introduced for Maruti Gypsy and Tata Mobile by the company in 1988. The company proposed install latest and sophisticated RD equipement by incurring expenditure of Rs 300 lakh.Due to RD in 1989 company introduced several new pattern and sizes of tyres including a semi-lug Nylon Truck tyre, and got good response from the market. In 1991 Hidrive Finance Ltd., Radial Finance Ltd., Handeep Investment, J.K International Ltd., J.K Asia Pacific, Shivdham Properties, Pancham Investment ltd., became the subsidiaries of the companies. By 1992 company international division expanded its activities by opening its office in Moscow( Russia) apart from companys subsidia ries already in U.K and Hongkong. Market well authorized the radial tyres for tractors launched previous year. In 1993 company introduced new brands of radial tyres Brute and Ultima. After this compony started manufacturing steel belted radial tyres for the prestigious cars like Mercedes Benz, Peugeot,Daewoo speed and Opel Astra. Market well received the new patterns developed for bus and trucks PE-T8.Despite of rise in inputs cost and cost of raw temporal and the competion company maintain its progress. Company attained higher capacity and all around cost reduction on both plants at Jaykaygra and Banmore. Many new generation cars accepted the J.K steel radial as T- rated ultima launched and was accepted by Daewoos Cielo and then Mercedes benz india alike choosed J.K steel radialafter this it G.Ms Astra. Then next were Peugekot FIATs, UNO and M Ms Ford.After this company launched premium tyre to meet heavy load market which was Jet Trak-39 with this company launched new tracto r rear tyre SONA which was to a fault greatly accepted by the market. During 1996 company launched car tyre JET Drive XS,and nylon car tyre for maruti along with semi-lug and heavy duty lug tyre for trucks. In radial category, Ultima XR Radial, a terrain tyre was introduced.All these tyres got good response from the consumers. Companies both the plants were operated at full capacity. In radial tyres units also launched dual contact high traction and high performance Aquasonic steel radial car tyre. As company had loan repayment of Rs 635 crores it proposed to reduced its debt by 125 crore in 2000. J.K tyre and the Indian oil dope camecollaboration to install digital air pressure gauges and setting up sales out at IOC gas pedal station across the country.In 2001 managing director of J.K Industries Raghupati singhania was selected 19th chairman of ATMA (Automotive Tyre Manufacturers Association). J.K Industries in 2003 got new Marketing Director as Mr. Ajay Kapila who was earlierSen ior-Vice President in Kinetic Engineering Ltd. J.K. tyres merged with Vikrant tyres along with the non tyre business, sugar and agriculture into separate companies which were J.K Sugar Ltd and J.K Agri-Gentics Ltd. On 2nd April 2007 J.K Industries Ltd changed their name to J.K tyre and Industries Ltd.(http//www.moneycontrol.com/stocks/company_info/company_history.php?sc_did=JKT01)History of JK brass sectionJK Organisation owes its name to late Lala Juggilal Singhania, dynamic personality with broad vision. Inspired by the cause of Swadeshi movement of Mahatma Gandhi and driven the zeal to set up an Indian enterprise .Lala Kamlapat Singhania founded JK organization in 19 century ushering in new industrial era in India. The process of industrialization and diversification was worthily and successfully carried on by Lala Kamlapats illustrious sons Sir Padampat, Lala kailashpat, Lala Lakshmipat, aided in no small measures by the Late Gopal Krishna son of Sir Padampat.(http//www.jktyre.c om/founders.html)1933- Juggilal Kamlapat cotton Spinning and Weaving mill Co. Ltd was the first to manufacture calco prints in the country. In 1940 J.K iron and steel Co Ltd manufactured first time steel bailing hoops for jute and cotton with which country became egotism sufficient in meeting the entire demand. Then in 1944 they produced first timealuminium virgin Metal from the IndianBauxite atAluminiumcorporation of India Ltd, Jaykaynagar. There after J.K engineer files manufactures first time in India Engineering files in 1949. In 1959 they were the first one to set up a regular process plant of Rayon.In 1960 J.K Iron steel Co Ltd at Kanpur manufactured for the first time in the country a hydraulically operated work over crushing Mill for their sugar plant in Khandsari and then they completed their 100 ton plant. During 1961 J.K chemical set up worlds first plant for production Hydrosulphite of soda by the amalgamation process of sodium.Similarly in 1962 they their company J.K synthetics Ltd at kota produced first time nylon-6 with its own polymerised raw material in India. J.K Chemicals Ltd was the first one to produce sodium formaldehyde in India. In1968 they produce T.V sets in India along with Metallic Cops for Synthetic Filament recitationindustries.In 1969 J.K synthetics manufactured acrylics fibres in the country for the first time in the country and J.K synthetics Ltd developed Dyeable Nylon. In 1973 they were the first to the licence Synthetic fibre technology to third party and produce Synthetic Fibre Machinery. In 1976 they produce steel belted radial for the first time in indiafor the trucks, buses and passenger cars in their tyre plant at kankroli and then they make steel belted radial tyres for third wheelers which was manufactured for the first time in the world.In 1984 they produced sinlessness cement in India for the first time in Indiathrough dry process. Then J.K Synthetics produced Cathonic Dyeable fibre first time in India and nyl on tyre cord based on Spin Draw applied science. In India J.K magnetic produced first magnetic tapes with cobalt technology.In 1991 company set up a tyre palnt at Banmore with annual capacity 5.7 lakh tyres. Then in 1992 HASTERI RD centre was established bu the company after two years in 1994 they launched Indias first T-rated tyre and Banmore tyre plant crossed 100 TPD. Next year mecedez benz was launched on J.K tyres and they got the ISO 9001 which was given to first time in history to tyre manufacturer. In 1996they introduced steel wheels and launched first time in India dual contact high tractionsteel radial- aquasonic.Next was the big year for the compay they acquired Vikrant tyres ,awarded national export award for 96-97, first and the only tyre manyfacturer to get E mark certification, they launched first H rated tyre and their research institute got ISO 9002.In 1998 they were awarded capexils highest export award for 1997-98, got QS 9000. In 1999 Jk tyre was ranked worlds 1 6 largest tyre company, synergy with VTL in procurement, marketing and production flexibility, they got ISA-14000 certificate for environment and safety. In 2000 National Go-Kartingchampionships were introduced by the company. In 2001 company received CAPEXIL award and FOCUS LAC export award. In this year 2nd Go-karting championship was held by the company.(http//www.jktyre.com/milestones.html)Jk tyre acquisition of Mexican tyre company tornelJK tyre acquired Mexican based company with the annual capacity of 6.6 one thousand million tyres ,this deal cost Rs 270 crores. This deal made the JK tyre No.1 tyre manufacturer in the country as their annual capacity increased to 15 million units because they have surpassed Apollo tyres which was earlier No.1 with the capacity of 8-10 million. This acquisition not only gives JK tyres an special tyres but access to thelucrative market of Latin and North America.(http//web.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdf?vid=5hid=3emailprotected)The company is plann ing to sell both the brands JK and Tornel in U.S and Canada. They have planned to spend million more on the Tornel plants to add new shape to JKbrand and launch the JK radial and Tornel passenger and light truck brandsfor U.S customers.(http//web.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail?vid=10hid=101emailprotectedbdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3ddb=bthAN=35120934)JK tyre and motor sportsIts been two decades that the JK tyre is closely related to adventurous world of motor sports. JK tyre has been constantlypromoting motorsports not just only to discover several winners, but also using their awareness and knowledge of RD departmentto develop tyres on which world can race upon.JK tyre pull in the absence of the infrastructure, which is necessary for the accomplishment of the motorsports in India. Over the last five years, JK tyre has embarked over Rs 15 crore to support the motorsport in India.(http//www.jktyre.com/motorsports/jk-in-motorsports-history.html)Global presenceJk tyre along with its a ssociates Vikrant Tyres Ltd is the leading exporter of tyres from the country which counts roughly 26% of exports.JK tyre is the worlds first manufacturer of tyre to receive ISO 9000 along with QS 9000 for its operations. Across the world only JK tyre has received has certificate of QS 9000 for its multilocation operations. In the country it is only JK tyre was the first company to receive ISO 14001 in recognition of its environmental counselling systems.Nowadays, products manufactured by JK tyres compete with international players in the international market across the world. The products are exported to to more than 55 countries and in 6 continents. The company has big-shouldered and well developed distribution network for exports and the distributors get the full support from technical team for the product development so that they can meet the market requirements. JK tyre products are internationally certified in Europe, US, Middle East and South America.For commitment of offer in superior quality , standards and path-breaking breaking blueprint the company has received numerous awards for exports forlast years.in 1999-00 JK being the largest tyre exporter to Latin America it was acknowledgedby the Indian trade promotion organization (ITPO).In 200-01 company was honoured with The Special Export Award from Capexil, with this company made its fourth consecutive award from Indias premier industrial association. JK tyre is constantly making any eefort to kick value to customerswith along with sound marketing strategy forms which are establishment consistent performance in international market.To develop new products of excellent and distinguished products so that they can compete in the international market, JK tyre had had maintained its marketing and distribution strategies for export market. This credit goes to Indias biggest in-house RD centre, HASTERI (Hari Shankar Singhania Elastomer And Tyre Research Institute). This centre is well equipped with late st testing facilities which helps in getting excellence by evolving technologies for superior product performance and it also reduces nullify and thinks about the consumer needs.All over JK tyre has obtained many milestones. Despite of , bencjmarking customer sevice and plans to bring in several pioneering technologies there, a lot which will roll out in future in JK tyres winning path.(http//www.jktyre.com/global-business.html)JK tyres in North AmericaIn Mexican based company Tornel, JK tyre bought 100% stake. By this move JK tyre got access in the markets Of US along with this company can entered into the markets of South America. Tornel has total three manufacturing units with total capacity of 6.6.Million tyres per annum(http//www.business-standard.com/india/storypage.php?autono=319837)Technology at JK tyresError proof Computer Aided Design AnalysisJK tyres use updated tools and techniques which help them to figure outand annihilate failure at the mechanical drawing board onl y.World class manufacturing on Automatic MachinesManufacturing of radials is done at air-conditioned plant fitted with the finest machinery to provide customer consistent good quality.Rigorous testingBefore the JK tyres reach the market it has to go through tough validation tests, both indoor and outdoor. Jk is one of the few companies that test their tyre so rigorously. network of JK tyreMarketingSteel WheelsWith the objective of meeting customer demand s and bringing best products and services form the customers, JK tyre established franchised chain nationwide retiled outlets as JK tyre steel wheels. It is considered to be one stop solution for the problems of and requirements of tyres and their services. In these they provide facilities like computerized wheel alignment, automated tyre changing, wheel balancing, air care, tyre rotation with the high technology and trained personnel guidance.Dial-a-tyreJK tyre has started delivering the tyre at the customers door. With this JK tr ained technician will deliver and fit the tyres at a pre-appointed time. In this wheel changing, balancing, and alignment is including. This step is user friendly to make the customer comfortable and for his convenience.AD-CampaignsJK tyre launched different types of ad campaigns to promote the product and the brand. The company creationized its product by placing its information in the media. Following are some of the ad-campaigns of JK tyres.ProductsJK tyre is leading manufacturer of tyres in India. It manufactures tyresfor entire segment of Truck/Bus, LCV, Passenger and Farms.Truck/ Bus-JK Tyre is the leader in the segment of Truck/ Bus tyres. It has 70% market share in the truck and bus tyre segment. However this is very small sector Indian market but it is expected to grow in near future. They make Bias and radial types of tyres for this segment.LCV-In LCV segment they manufacturer such type of tyres and this they provide Bias and Radial. JK is the second largestmarket share . Corporate social responsibility initiative by JK tyresJ.K tyre believes that they get numerous inputs from the society, it adds value to these and offers the needed products and services to public at large. The profit which company makes is the enhancement by the public for value added.The purpose of CSR is enhance the government efforts by helping the citizen of the country, with which they can lead life which is prosperous, healthy, happy and more meaningful. It is believed that it is not only the job of the government to do the needful to the extent needed. Thats where the role of corporate citizen comes. In fact, it is helping ourselves because inputs and outputs comes from society and go back to society. So it is long run.J.K tyre and Industries undertook three major initiatives, 2004 onwards, as per deliberation in the central HRD Committee, presided over by Shri Hari Shankar Singhania, where all presidents and all time directors are members.Adult LiteracyIn 1950 the condition of mainland China and indiawas same i.e 18% of literacy. If the so huge population is illetrate then it is very difficult to imagine society making scientific progress and citizen leading meaningful and meaningful lives. From1950 there has been progress in this issue. China has got illiteracy 95% but our country got stuck at65%. Looking at this J.K group took initiative, startedin may 2004has made 6900 citizens of the country literate. Today, another 700 are participating in learning session in 30 groups at 10 different locationsin different six local languages viz.Tamil, Telugu, Kannada, Oriya, Gujarati Hindi, under the guidance of our plants local management. The company has target for the year 2009 which 3000 plus.The various place where classes are taken are J Central Pulp Mills at Songadh in Gujarat, Lakshmi Cement in Sirohi Rajasthan, J K sugar nr. Barielly, Fenner Hyderabad Madurai, J K agri in Hyderabad. For this company use the software developed by M/s TCS at the loca tions. The photograph shows a class in progress in a small town near Hyderabad, organized by J K agri.K Tyre Banmore nr. Gwalior, Vikrant in Mysore, Kankroli in Rajasthan, J K paper Rayagada in Orissa Prevention Of Hiv / assist Focus on Outside CommunityMainly truckers and their helpers who are highly attacked by the disease human immunodeficiency virus/AIDS. Looking at this scenario J.K tyre started in November 2005, and is backing three clinics in situated at National Highway at Indore, Dhanbad, and Vishwa karma Nagar. J K Tyre supports the work being done by Melinda carte du jour Gates Foundation in collaboration with TCI Foundation.Awareness is the main objective of the project so that people should use preventive measures. In Infotainment Melaswhich are held near the clinics company also participate , in these melas entertainment is combined with spreading message.Despite of 3 clinics run by TCI foundation and back up by JK tyre , one clinic named JEEVAN KIRAN which is fully financed by JK tyre has been opened in Nov 2007 at Transport Nagar, Jaipur and 2nd clinic at shahpura on NH-8, which 70 Km short of Jaipur on way from Delhi on 25th May 2008. Its day-to-day operations are controlled and managed by NGO called, Vatsalya.Till now , in all five clinics more than 39000 persons have been attended to for ailments, of which 9590 were treatedfor STIs sexually transmitted infection and rest for general ailments. Suspected cases werereferred to government centres.Prevention Of Hiv / aid Inhouse , Focus on Our Employees JAN 2008 = MOU signed between ILO Internationaal Labour Organization for helping us in this endeavour also a 2 hr presentation was made to group of Sr executives by ILO.March 2008 = J K TYre HIV /AIDS POLICY was announced has been widely disseminated. Four pillars of this policy are AWARENESS, NON-DISCRIMINATION, CONFIDENTIALTY CPOLLABORATION.APRIL 2008 = among employees a survey was carried out at all the location to assess the lev el of knowledge on the subject by an outside agency.MAY 2008 = among the employees tuition of 31 master trainersby ILD took place who will address the other employees for 2 hour awareness session at all location.By the outset of July 2008, approximately 7000 employees took part in the2 hour awareness program addressed by the Master trainers/Peer Trainersand this was highly appreciated by the workers and unions.HIV / AIDS, As additional initiative in 2008 for Observing WORLD AIDS DAY ON 1stDecember 2008 Company joinedTCI foundation in observing the WORLD AIDS DAY at 13 locations across India Delhi, Kanpur, Ghaziabad, Agra, Varanasi, Jaipur, Indore, Nagpur, Pune, Dhandbad, Jamshedpur, Hyderabad, BangaloreThe function called Truckers Utsav was attended by 22000 truckers which combined awareness generationwith entertainment. Many invitations went out in transport community with J.K tyre logo. JK tyre also facilitates their products and banners and speaks few minutes about the company o n the mike. (http//www.jktyre.com/corporate-social-responsibility.html)What is tyre?Review of literatureWhat is Tyre?A tyre is just black and round with hole in the middle. Actually, its a complex piece of high technology that is essential for the passenger safety and the efficient running of the vehicle. Its a composite product. A tyre is a composite product that is, an inseparable assembly of materials with very different properties, whose manufacture demands great precision.(http//www.michelin.co.uk/michelinuk/en/car-van-44/what-tyre/20070301111326.html)Structure of TyreTread is that part of which comes into contact with road. It provides high grip, longer life durabilityand protects carcass.Steel belt also protects carcass and provides stiffness to tread.The work Spiral layer contributes to high durability and manoeuvrability.Shoulder being thickest part of the tyre it saves the carcass from outer shocks and damages.Side smother being most flexible protect the carcass and provi des comfortable ride to the driver.Main body of the tyre is ply cord, its that which manages inflation pressures and endures load and road shocks.Bead filler contributes in the high durability as well as manoeuvrability.A bead wire is that part which hold tyre on run along.Heat generated due abrasion of bead and bank flange id protected by chafer.NOTE Construction of tyre may vary with size and pattern.(http//www.bridgestone.co.in/tyre/tyreknowledge/radialtyre.asp)Maintenance of tyreMaintenance of tyres is very essential to obtain the best performance. Following steps should be followed for proper maintenance of tyres-Proper tyre mount and de-mountingNew tube should be used with new tyre.It should be kept in mind that tyre and tube are of same brand.Combination of tyre and rim should always be correct.Rim should be dirt and rust free and no bend should be there on the rim.It should check that rim valve is smooth and round.Before the tube is placed in the tyre, it should be cleane d the properly.Mounting machines should used as much as possible and use of hammers and chisel should be avoided.Ensure that before mounting and de-mounting tyre beads are lubricated.Before inflating the tyre, ensure that tyre beads are seating correctly on rim or not.Tyre balancingAn un-balanced tyre may cause vibration. So it is very important. Balancingof tyre should be done under following circumstances-When vehicle covers 5000 KmIf vehicle is coming across any vibrationMounting/de-mountingTyre rotationTyres must be rotated if any defect is found or vehicle have covered the distance of 5000 Km. First tyrerotation is very important as it sets stage for long and even for tyre wear.Wheel alignmentProper wheel alignment should be maintained of the vehicle.It should done when ever required or after every 5000 Km.Daily tyre checkEvery morning before starting the vehicle, tyres should be properly checked. If the damages are exposed in the tyre, it should be cha

Genetic Manipulation: Advantages and Disadvantages

Genetic Manipulation Advantages and DisadvantagesScience on the separate hand, fills my judgment with questions and answers the knowledge that I crave. The possibleness of ontogeny does not dismiss there is a God. It is a theory trying to explain the beginning of life, how we evolved. The Old Testament professes to do the same thing, however, the stories atomic number 18 symbolic in their meaning. I am a Roman Catholic, and our dear Pope John Paul II acknowledged evolution as much than than a hypotheses. Only the divine soul is untouched by evolution (Jurmain et al. 201044).The fact that some fossils are not preserved does not disprove evolution. numerous another(prenominal) species might not cast left fossils. Some organisms just do not fossilize well. The geological record is not perfect. The fossils are not fixed out perfectly waiting to be discovered by paleontologists. Chances are it is highly un probably that an organisms remains pass on ca economic consumption fos silized, rather than decomposed. For the remains that do become fossilized, their preservation is unlikely due to erosion, earthquakes, vol muckleic eruptions , etcEvolution continues to be spurned by some religious conservatives and fundamentalists. A lot of them believe that evolutionary biology ignores that God exists. They state that it does not account for how the world was re all(prenominal)y created according to the scriptures in the Bible. There bring been numerous efforts to block teaching of evolution in U.S. public schools since 1968. The US Supreme Court overturned the first case in Arkansas stating that there could be no law blackball the teaching of evolution on the grounds that it breached the separation of church and state as stated in the U.S. Constitution.Fourteen years later the federal courts rejected a statute to teach both creation science and evolution in the public schools. The courts stated that creation science was not actually a science.To try and get around the law of separation of church and state, evolution opp binglents began to propose the teaching of intelligent design. They stated that it was non religious, and a scientific alter inhering to evolution. scintillating design claims that the living world was too intricate to have been made by the workings of natural woof. That some living things were too complex to have been developed by evolution and could have that have been created by an intelligent designer. But, they did not identify this intelligent designer. This presentation again was blocked by a federal district judge who found intelligent design was not a science (Jurmain et al. 201044).What can be d angiotensin-converting enzyme to correct this controversy, or should it be corrected? why?Although I dont agree with the Christian fundamentalists opinion, my answer is, no.Why? It is called the First Amendment.Describe and evaluate some of the positive and oppose consequences of familialal purposeGenetic engine ering entails the manipulation of deoxyribonucleic acid. The tools in this process are actually important for the restriction of so called enzymes, which are produce by various species of bacteria. A particular sequence of a chain of nucleotide bases, can be grantd by restriction enzymes. The nucleotide bases that make up the DNA molecule cut the DNA at that location. Parts of DNA fleshed in this way are joined using enzymes called ligases(joining of two enzyme molecules to form a covalent bond, accompanied by the hydrolysis of ATP(adenosine triphosphate))Positive side of genic manipulationGenetic therapy entails supplying a particular function to a gene, and in turn to cells that are lacking that function. The intention is to correct a genetic incommode or an acquired disease. One type of gene therapy intentd today is, incarnate cell therapy. It is similar to an organ transplant. One or much specific weaves are targeted for treatment by therapeutic genes from the lab or th e tissue is withdraw and replaced with the treated cells and given back to the patient. Researchers have had success with somatic cell gene therapy for the treatment of farm animal, lung, liver disorders and cancer.Another positive side to genetic manipulation also involves the health industry. The manufacturing of recombinant ingredient 8, a blood clotting agent missing in patients with hemophilia A. Practically all of the hemophiliacs who were treated with means VIII before the mid 1980s contracted AIDS or hepatitis C from viral contaminants in the blood that were utilise to make the product. Now donor blood is screened for the presence of HIV and the hepatitis C virus. The process now includes inactivating the viruses if they prove to be present. The possibility of a virus contamination is eliminated completely by the use of recombinant factor VIII.Negative side of genetic manipulationExplanation of Cloning A technique that is a process of several stages.An egg is taken fr om a donor animalThe nucleus is then removed from the egg.The nucleus containing the DNA is taken from the tissue cell of the animal world cloned.The nucleus is inserted into the donor egg cell.The amalga play off egg is then placed in the uterus of a surrogate mother.When that mother eventually gives birth, if all goes well, the baby is genetically identical to the animal that abided the tissue cells that contained the DNA.I understand the potential benefits that genetic engineering has for the future of this world, however, the thought of it getting into the wrong hands terrifies me. My main area of concern is cloning. From the beginning, back in 1997 when I heard on the untesteds about the sheep, Dolly, being cloned in Scotland, my heart sank. There is even talk of people ordering what type of children they want, as if they were ordering from a dinner menu. I knew eventually that people would be cloned. There is evidence they have already. People are desperately waiting for t ransplants. Why are we not using the clones vital organs? This is something would like answered.Would you agree with your textbook authors when they say Indeed it would not be an exaggeration to say that this is the nearly exciting time in the history of evolutionary biology since Darwin published On the Origins of Species?Would you agree or disagree with this statement? Why? Please provide some detailed examples?Yes, I would agree. In my younger days, I worked as a chemotherapy technician in Childrens Hospital, Boston. I worked closely with one little girl who was born(p) without a stomach, preparing rebooteral nutrition for her daily basis. Children also dying at a very young age of diabetes. But due to the amazing research done in genetics, and recombinant DNA technology, children have a much better chance of reaching adulthood and leading public lives.Regarding the field of anthropology, the sequencing of military personnel genes in the Human Genome Project. The progress b eing made in comparative genomics is terribly exciting. Personally, I cant wait to hear the DNA comparison results of the Neanderthal, modern human, and anthropoid primate.What is natural selection?The theory of Natural selection is actually the key to evolution. It is based on the following processes that includeBiological pas seul within all speciesIndividuals within a species that have favorable traits are much likely to survive in their environment and produce offspring.The environment of the species de bournines whether or not a trait is satisfactory or not.Traits are inherited and over a period of time, favorable traits go forth be passed on generation to generation and become more common in the tribe.Isolation of a species may lead to the formation of a new species due to inhabiting a diverse environment and will in turn adapt to that environment.Natural selection only operates on an individual within a population, but it is the population that evolves.Why is genetic va riation necessary for the process of natural selection to operate?Genetic variation plays a significant role at the microevolutionary level, producing evolutionary win over. Directional evolutionary trends can only be sustained by natural selection. Individuals who carry a particular allelomorph or a combination of alleles will produce more offspring than other individuals with different alleles. The frequency of the new allele in a population will increase slowly from generation to generation. This process is intensify over hundreds of generations for multiple loci, the result being a major evolutionary change(Jurmain et al. 2010107).What are the sources of genetic variation?Mutations When there is a change in the DNA molecule that means there is one type of diversity and that multiple genes pass on in two or more forms called alleles. If an allele to another allele, or if the gene is altered in some way, a mutation has just occurred. Alleles are, in fact, a direct result of a mutation. The substitution of simply one DNA base for another, a point mutation, can cause a change in an allele. However, to be important to the evolutionary process, the point mutation has to occur in the sexuality cells. This is so the mutation can be passed on from generation to generation.ExamplesNo changes in phenotype due to mutationsNo evidence of a change on the phenotype of an organism due to mutation. Mutation occurred maybe in a stretch of DNA with no function, or perhaps the mutation occurred in a protein-coding region, but ended up not affecting the amino acid sequencing of the protein.Small change in phenotype due to mutations would for example be a mavin mutation like a cats ear slightly curling back.Big change in phenotype due to mutationsThis would create some major phenotypic changes. dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane resistance in insects are unremarkably caused by single mutations. A single mutation can also have very strong invalidating effects on an organism . Mutations that would cause the death of an organism are called lethals.Gene flow Migration is used here to refer to the movement of people. This occurs when the exchange of genes between different groups of migrants interbreeding. It can also occur when an individual(s) move temporarily and produce some offspring in an entirely new population. This way they have left their genetic contribution.An example of gene flow Happens a great deal in war. When male soldiers are stationed in remote parts of the world and impregnate the native women of that country and then the male returns to his native land. The impregnated native women in the remote country represents the gene flow.Genetic drift is kn own as the random factor in evolution. The population size is its entire function. Drift only occurs because a population is small. If an allele is rare in a very small population of less than 400 people, there is a very great chance that it will not be passed down to the offspring. Eventuall y, the allele may disappear entirely. In this instance genetic variability has been reduced drastically. Genetic drift can cause big losses of genetic variation for small populations.An example of genetic drift The B allele was evidently not passed down to generations of Blackfoot people. There is evidence that present populations are deficient in genotypes that contain the B allele (BB, BO and AB). When the populations became greatly reduced in size, some genes may not have been passed on to the next generation. This phenomenon is referred to as a genetic bottleneck. As a result, genetic variability may have been severely reduced in succeeding generations.Founder effect is a type of genetic drift and is seen in human and non human populations.An example of the founder effect is the Baptist German religious sect that settled in Pennsylvania in the early 1700s. These families didnt marry outside their own religious sect. There has been evidence of some dramatic changes in their gene frequencies. For example the type A blood in the sect resulted in 60 percent. United States is 42%. It is 45 percent for the sect in West Germany. They also have fewer people with accredited recessive traits, such as hitchhikers thumb and attached ear lobes, compared to the U.S. population as a whole. The founder effect helps explain the high frequency of dwarfism and polydactylism (extra fingers) in the Amish of Lancaster Pennsylvania. The colony began when at least one of the individuals carried these traits.Recombination is a source of genetic variation that introduces new gene combinations into populations.For example Siblings are never genetically identical to either of their parents or to each other (unless they are identical twins.)This is because when organisms reproduce sexually, some genetic shuffling occurs. This brings together a new combination of genes.How is natural selection connect to environmental factors?All the evolutionary factors of mutation, genetic drift, gene flow, and recombination, interact to form genetic variation. Genes are then distributed within the populations. There isnt any long term direction to any of the above factors, but for adaptation and the evolutionary process to occur, the gene pool of the population needs to change in a certain direction.Some alleles need to consistently become more commonplace, while other become less common. Natural selection can cause a change in direction in allele frequency relative to specific environmental factors. If there is to be a change in the environment, then the selection pressures will also change, and a shift in allele frequencies is called adaptation. Now if there are long term environmental changes in the same direction, then allele frequencies would also shift very gradually over time.ExampleHemoglobin S (Hbs) which is an abnormal form of hemoglobin that is formed from a point mutation gene, produces part of the molecule of the hemoglobin. If an individual inherits this allel e from both parents, he or she will have reap hook cell anemia. HbS is a mutation that occurs in all populations occasionally, but the allele in generally rare. HBs, however, is more common in central Africa where it reaches 20% of the population. With the devastating effects of the HbS homozygotes, one would think that natural selection would have acted on eliminating it. But that is not the case. Natural selection has actually increased the frequency of HbS. This is because of the disease malaria. People with one HbS and one HbA allele (heterozygotes with the sickle cell trait) have red blood cells that contain hemoglobin S. Hemoglobin S is not a suitable environment for the malarial parasite. So having HbS is beneficial, because it protects that person from malaria. In this instance, malaria is the selective agent. and favors the heterozygous phenotype. In this part of the world, individuals with sickle cell anemia trait have a higher reproductive success than those with normal h emoglobin, because they are more apt to die of malaria (Jurmain et al. 2010105).Discuss genealogy of the Blue Fugates of Kentucky.Describe Mendelian principle of heritage as well as a phenotypic effect of an enzyme deficiency.Mendel discovered through his experiments with plants, that the inheritance of traits was not due to blending as he originally thought. He found that specific units (genes) of inheritance were passed down from generation to generation. No matter what trait Mendel selected for the second generation of the plants, it would show a ratio of 3 to 1. This meant that there were 3 dominant genes to every(prenominal) 1 recessive gene. Mendel realized that this 31 ratio occurred in later generations as well. He had found the key to understanding inheritance.Mendel came to three very important conclusions from his experimentsThe inheritance of each trait is determined by units(genes) that are passed on to descendents and are unchanged.An individual would inherit a gene f rom each parent for each trait.A trait just may not show up in an offspring but could be passed on to their offspring.Mendels observations have been summarized in to two principlesThe principle of segregation and the principle of independent assortment. consort to the principle of segregation two members of alleles separate from each other in the formation of sex cells (gametes) Half of the gametes carry one of the allele and the other half of the gametes carry the other allele.Principle of independent assortment-Genes for different traits are assorted independently from one another in the formation of sex cells.I feel the principle of segregation applies in the case of the blue Fugates of Kentucky. It was determined that the Fugates inherited an autosomal recessive trait. Both Martin Fugate(heterozygote) and his bride Elizabeth Fugate(heterozygote) had one recessive allele each of this disorder. Since both Martin and Elizabeth were both carriers, there was a 25% chance of their off spring being affected. There is usually a predictable phenotypic ratio of 31.The family would marry people who lived close by and this intermarrying continued. The community was isolated, without roads. When the railroad was completed 30 to 40 years later, roads were built and they started venturing out and marrying outside their community. The strain of the inherited blue gene began to disappear. The recessive gene was not likely to fall upon a mate with the same recessive gene. A baby named, Benjy Stacy was born blue, 100 years later. He had the recessive gene from both his mother and fathers side. His blue color, however was only temporary. It was assumed that Benjy had just inherited one gene of the condition, and being a baby had a smaller amount of the enzyme diaphorase, and it built to normal levels as he got older (Jurmain et al. 201086-89) and Fugate family literature.Why do we see this rare, phenotypic deficiency?It was first seen in Alaskan Eskimos and Indians. It is a h uman genetic disease. The gene is located at chromosome 22. In normal people, there is a dominant, allele that is responsible for the production of the enzyme diaphoreses. Normally hemoglobin is converted into methemoglobin(a brownish compound of oxygen and hemoglobin) at a very slow rate. Diaphorase in normal blood, changes the methemoglobin back to hemoglobin. The homozygous children of the Fugate family, lacked the enzyme diaphorase. therefore this conversion could not take place. Therefore, all of their hemoglobin in their body was considered useless. instead they had a mutant allele that produced an inert enzyme that was unable to reduce the hemoglobin.What is the nature of the evidence sustenance punctuated equilibrium?The theory was advanced by two American paleontologists Eldredge and Gould. They agreed that the fossil record was incomplete, but that it could not be incomplete enough to account for the near absence of the gradualistic change from the fossil record. They sa id that species part too quickly for the normal geological processes to record the event a single bedding (a thin layer of sedimentary rock)often compresses more than tens of thousands of years into a thin slice. Speciation usually occurs when small populations cut off from the interbreeding with groups, evolving rapidly in isolation. With fewer people in an isolated population, the favorable mutations disruption more readily. A small, isolated, evolving population may become extinct and may not leave a trace of a fossil record. Eldredge and Gould said that if it does remove itself from its isolation, and spread over a much wider area, its likely to be seen in the fossil record as reservation a punctuational appearance, fully formed.The nature of the evidence supporting punctuated equilibrium was from the paleontologist, Cheetham. He gathered a large sample of bryzoan fossils from the Caribbean and surrounding regions. He painstakingly classified them into 17 species using 46 mic roscopic characteristics of their skeletons. thrifty their length, dimensions of pores, and all the orifices on the fossils. He then arranged them into a family tree. He analyzed them and split a single species into several species. The abruptness in the tree, appeared more clear to him and stronger than ever. He concluded that through 15 million years of the geological record, these particular species persisted unchanged for 2-6 million years. Then in less than one hundred sixty thousand years, split off in to a new species. This new species would coexist continuously with its ancestor species. This was his punctuated result. But this was not proofThe morphological differences being used to split the fossil species? What if it really did not mark a separate species, but was just another version of the species? A model of speciation was needed to recognize a new species and support any evidence of punctuated equilibrium.Several biological tests were performed and then he performe d a test in genetics. Using a test of protein electrophoresis, he extracted enzymes and analyzed each of the eight morphologically defined species. In every case, the specimen from each species had very similar enzymes. This indicated they belonged to the same genetically related species. Cheetham had passed the fossil species test. His conclusion was that morphology still seems to say how evolution occurred(http//science.jrank.org/pages/5591/punctuated-Equilibrium.html)(Kerr 19951421).Would you agree or disagree with this? Why?Many paleontologists still say that many of these studies have their weaknesses. There is overwhelming evidence that speciation is sometimes gradual and sometimes punctuated. It is very complicated, and until there is more proof, I think I would prefer to quiver to the middle ground.Theories of Psychopathy Overview and AnalysisTheories of Psychopathy Overview and AnalysisA lot of research has been readed in the area of rapacious, antisocial, and criminal conduct (Frick Viding, 2009). Indeed, persistent antisocial behaviour results in human suffering associated with criminal offences, and high economic costs from detaining these offenders to prevent recidivism (Loeber Farrington, 2001).What is Psychopathy? front findings demonstrated that over a third of incarcerated offenders have Antisocial Personality Disorder, characterized by pervasive antisocial and exploitative behaviour (Black, Gunter, Loveless, Allen, Sieleni, 2010). However, offenders with mental disease represent an even greater danger to society. Individuals with psychopathy often use instrumental aggression for personal gain. When compared to non- insane offenders, they tend to commit more serious and violent crimes (e.g. premeditated homicide), are three times more likely to reoffend, and four-spot times more likely to recidivate by a violent offence after being released from prison (Porter, Brinke, Wilson, 2009).Psychopathy is a developmental disorder characteri zed by antisocial and bold disinhibited behaviours, lack of empathy and remorse, and low anxiety (Hare Neumann, 2008). Previous studies demonstrated that adults with psychopathy all display persistent antisocial behavior crosswise the lifespan with first signs of psychopathy, such as behavioural disturbances and emotional dearths, being evident as early as childhood (Blair, 2013). epoch the diagnosis of psychopathy is generally applied to adults, some children present with antisocial behavior and core insane traits (comparable with callous- stoical (CU) traits) such as low empathy, lack of guilt, shallow affect, and callous use of others (Frick Viding, 2009). Although it is important not to assume that children and adolescents with psychopathological traits will exhibit psychopathy in adulthood, the assessment of psychopathological traits and antisocial behavior in youth provides enormous evidence of their persistence over time (Ermer, Cape, Nyalakanti, Calhoun, Kiehl, 2013).P sychopathic Traits in Children and AdolescentsChildren with conduct disorder and callous-unemotional traits show more instrumental aggression for personal gain, higher preponderance of Antisocial Personality Disorder among their parents, more frequent interactions with the police, and a greater number and variety of conduct problems than children with CD and no insane traits (Herba, Hodgins, Blackwood, Kumari, Naudts, Phillips, in press). While callous-unemotional traits during childhood have been often associated with severe antisocial behavior, children with callous-unemotional traits but no antisocial behaviour frequently show higher levels of other impairments such as increased hyperactivity, low prosociality, and unequal interpersonal relationships (see Frick, Cornell, Bodin, Dane, Barry, Loney, 2003 Barker, Olivier, Viding, Salekin, Maughan, 2011 Rowe, Maughan, Moran, Ford, Briskman, Goodman, 2010). Callous and unemotional traits have been recently added as part of the diagnostic criteria for Conduct Disorder in the new version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-V) (Decuyper, Caluwe, Clercq, Fruyt, 2014). Moreover, due to its high predictive validity, CU traits may have independent diagnostic value, even without the diagnosis of conduct disorder (Barker, et al., 2011 Frick, et al., 2003 Viding McCrory, 2012).Evidence of Emotional Dysfunction in Individuals with Psychopathic TraitsPrevious findings demonstrated that callous and unemotional children show similar emotional deficits as psychopathologic adults, such as poor emotion recognition and deficits in emotional empathy (Herba, et al., in press Blair, 2003 Pardini, Lochman, Frick, 2003). Emotional empathy represents affective reactions to emotional expressions and to verbal descriptions of the emotional states of other individuals. Empathic reactions, which can be evoked by facial expressions, voice tones, body postures, and even script, serve a communicatory function, and are pro cessed by separate neural systems (Blair, 2013).Emotion Recognition FindingsYouths and adults with psychopathic tendencies display a significant selective impairment in emotional empathy. While they normally recognize and differentiate between expressions of disgust and anger, their processing of trouble cues (expressions of sadness, pain, and fear) is significantly different from healthy youths and adults without psychopathic tendencies (Blair, 2013). Studies demonstrated that distress cues inhibit antisocial behaviour in humans as well as primates by eliciting empathy in observers (Marsh Blair, 2007). Meta-analytic review of the literature shows that while having a normal processing of anger and disgust, individuals with psychopathic traits and persistent antisocial behaviour display poor recognition of certain emotional expressions, particularly fear, as well as reduced recognition of expressions of mirth and sadness, though to a lesser extent (Marsh Blair, 2007 Dawel, OKearn ey, McKone, Palermo, 2012). Blair, Collegde, Murray, and Mitchell (2001) conducted a psychoanalyze looking at emotion recognition in boys with and without psychopathic tendencies (measured by a Psychopathy Screening Device). Children were shown a standardized set of six emotions (sadness, happiness, anger, disgust, fear, and surprise) morphed into different intensity levels and shown in 20 successive frames from neutral to full expression. Results demonstrated that children with psychopathic tendencies made more mistakes in recognizing expressions of fear even when they were presented at full intensity. Moreover, these children also needed more stages to be able to recognize expressions of sadness (Blair, et al. 2001). homogeneous impaired recognition of sad and horrendous expressions is also observed using vocal tones and body poses (Stevens, Charman, Blair, 2001 Blair, Budhani, Colledge, Scott, 2005 Munoz, 2009).Psychophysiological findingsA number of studies that looked at p sychophysiological responsiveness of individuals with psychopathic traits provided surplus evidence towards the idea that these individuals have impaired processing of expressions of distress in others. Children and adolescents with high callous-unemotional traits and psychopathic adults show reduced autonomic answers including heart rate, facial electromyographic chemical reactions, and electrodermal responses to fearful and sad expressions and distress cues in others (Blair, 1999 de Wied, van Boxtel, Matthys, Meeus, 2012 Blair, Jones, Clark, Smith, 1997). In addition, youths and adults with psychopathic tendencies also display atypical electroencephalography responses to pain in others (Blair, 2013).Functional neuroimaging findingsA new study by Motzkin, Phillippi, Wolf, Baskaya, and Koenigs (2015) provided tentative evidence that the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) might play a significant role in regulating amygdala activity in humans. This is not surprising given th e substantial amount of evidence, containing lesion studies, demonstrating that the ventromedial prefrontal cortex and amygdala play a critical role in empathic response and emotion regulation (Blair, 2008 Blair, 2013). Studies of youths with high callous-unemotional traits and conduct disorder, as well as studies of psychopathic adults, showed decreased activation of the rostral vmPFC in response to images of other individuals in pain. (Marsh, et al. 2013 Blair, 2008).Previous fMRI studies also repeatedly demonstrated reduced amygdala activation in individuals (children, youth and adults) with psychopathic traits when they are presented with images of faces expressing fear, or images of others individuals in pain (Blair, 2008 Jones, Laurens, Herba, Barker, Viding, 2009 Marsh, et al., 2007 Munoz, 2009). Moreover, studies consistently reported that lower activity in the amygdala, vmPFC, as well as the anterior insula in response to distress cues are associated with higher severity o f psychopathic traits, particularly in children and adolescents (Marsh, et al., 2008 Sebastian, et al., 2012 Marsh, et al., 2013)Structural neuroimaging findings devoted the amount of evidence demonstrating reduced activity in vmPFC and amygdala in youths with psychopathic traits and psychopathic adults in response to distress cues, it is worth considering whether structural abnormalities are also observed within these neural regions. A large neuroimaging study conducted by Ermer and colleagues (2013) looked at the structural brain record book in over 200 incarcerated adolescents in a maximum security facility. Their findings demonstrated volume reductions within a large brain expression that centered on the vmPFC and included the amygdala, which is associated with the emotion dysfunction component of psychopathy. Another structural neuroimaging study demonstrated an inverse relationship between the structural volume of amygdala and the severity of psychopathic traits in a large s ample (N=296) of incarcerated adults (Ermer, Cope, Nyalakanti, Calhoun, Kiehl, 2012).Summary of existing findingsIn summary, the aforementioned findings demonstrated that individuals with psychopathy show poor recognition of, and reduced autonomic response to distress cues in others across the lifespan. Functional neuroimaging studies identified various neural structures involved in the processing of distress cues, with the most consistent evidence pointing towards the amygdala and ventromedial prefrontal cortex. fMRI studies repeatedly demonstrated reduced activity in these brain regions in children and adolescents with callous and unemotional traits, and psychopathic adults in response to facial expressions of fear and sadness. Structural neuroimaging studies provided additional evidence towards the importance of the amygdala and the vmPFC in processing of distress cues, demonstrating volume reductions in these areas in incarcerated adolescents with psychopathic traits, and a sig nificant inverse relationship between the structural volume of the amygdala and the severity of psychopathic traits in incarcerated adult.Current TheoriesGiven this considerable amount of evidence demonstrating emotional dysfunction in individuals with psychopathic traits across the lifespan, several models have been proposed in hopes to shed more light on this impairment.Violence Inhibition MechanismPrevious animal studies suggested that display of emotions of sadness, pain, and fear, also referred to as distress cues, serve an important evolutionary function when displayed to a conspecific aggressor lead to the termination of the attack (Blair, 1995). Blair (1995) proposed a functionally analogous mechanism in humans referred to as violence inhibition mechanism (VIM). According to Blair, VIM represents a cognitive mechanism normally activated by non-verbal expressions of distress, which predisposes an aggressor as well as a bystander to withdraw from the situation.According to the model, incorrupt socialization takes place through pairing of the activation of VIM by the sad and fearful expressions (Unconditioned Stimulus) of others with representations of the acts that caused this distress (Conditioned Stimulus moral transgressions, such as an aggressive act towards an individual). As a result, representations of these moral transgressions become triggers for the VIM through classical teach. Thus, a normally developing child will initially find pain of others aversive, and then through socialization would learn to dislike the thoughts of acts that cause pain to others, and as a result will be less likely to engage in violent behaviour (Blair, 1995).According to Blair (1995), this mechanism is absent in individuals with psychopathy, which might be due to a specific physiological deficit or lack of early socialization experiences. Due to the absence of VIM, individuals with psychopathy are not negatively reinforced after any action (moral transgression) that results in the display of distress cues in others. Using VIM, one might predict that these individuals who were unable to form US-CS association would show emotional dysfunction, early-onset of violent behaviour, and lack of guilt or empathy post-violence, which all represent core features of psychopathy.The Response Modulation HypothesisAnother concept that has been suggested to explain the nature of emotional impairments in individuals with psychopathic traits looks at psychopathy as a disorder of attention. According to the response modulation hypothesis, individuals with psychopathy fail to recognize and process distress cues in others due to their inability to shift attention to this information when they are engaged in goal-directed behaviour.Given the amount of evidence demonstrating severe emotional processing impairments in individuals with psychopathic traits, it has been suggested that this emotional dysfunction may underpin the deficits seen in psychopathic individuals (Blair, 1995 Frick Viding, 2009). Indeed, old studies demonstrated pronounced deficits in emotional learning and poor decision making in psychopathic adults as well as youths with psychopathic tendencies.Previous studies on decision-making behaviour in psychopathic adults demonstrated significant deficits underlying aversive conditioning, reversal learning, operant extinction, and passive avoidance learning (Blair, 2013). In an fMRI Study by Birbaumer and colleagues, a sample of ten offenders with psychopathy and ten matched controls was used to investigate the activation of neural structures, skin conductance, arousal and emotional valence in an aversive delay conditioning paradigm where neutral faces were used as conditioned stimuli and painful pressure as an unconditioned stimulus (Birbaumer, Veit, Lotze, Erb, Hermann, Grodd, Flor, 2005). Finding of this study showed inability of psychopathic individuals to learn to differentiate between conditioned stimuli, or show increased skin conductance response to the paired conditioned stimulus. Moreover, fMRI findings demonstrated reduced activity in the limbic-prefrontal circuit (combined of amygdala, orbitofrontal cortex, insula, and anterior cingulate) in psychopathic individuals when compared to the matched controls.Another study which used a similar fear conditioning paradigm as Birbaumer and colleagues (2005) further demonstrated deficits in aversive fear conditioning in psychopathic adults (Rthermund, Ziegler, Hermann, Gruesser, Foell, Patrick, Flor, 2012). In this study, psychopathic participants showed lack of a differential startle response and lack of skin conductance towards a paired conditioned stimulus. Moreover, these results cannot be explained by differences in detection threshold of electric shock, or levels of pain tolerance, since there was no significant differences in these measures between the two groups. This study confirms previous findings of impaired ability to form associations betw een neutral and aversive events in adults with psychopathy.Previous studies in decision-making behaviour and the propensity to learn from punishment in youths with psychopathic traits demonstrated significant impairments in the capacity to associate outcomes (reward or punishments) with stimuli.

Social Work Methods and Theories

Social Work Methods and TheoriesThis hear pull up stakes consist of four principal(prenominal) parts. In part one the essay leave alone bring out a brief introduction and history to social charm theories and methods. Moving forward the essay will look at the importance and value of theories and methods in relation to social pass away and how it in digits practice. Throughout, reference will be made to the most fashionable theorist. Part two will consider how social ferment theories and methods can be successfully applied in the drug and alcohol field. Given an overview of this, it will be necessary to demonstrate how two social pass away methods argon chosen, and applied, in the interposition of an example case study. Where applicable, contributions from profit users will be utilise to bring more insight and balance to the essay. Part three will be an analysis of a social work method used in the example case study. From the method, the essay will explore and evaluate, in depth, the way it underpins anti-discriminatory practice.Part four of this essay will conclude with a reflection on how the student has gained a valuable noesis base throughout the module and assignment. This reflection will overly show how the student will use this knowledge base in practice. No reflection would be complete without a concise look at how reflective practice can play a vital part of future social work practice.An initial risk assessment was carried out by the referral worker, in the vein of a questioning representative to identify possible risks and dangers to staff and other improvement users, however as discussed by Smale, Tuson and Statham (2000) taking a strengths based approach would allow referral workers and key workers to work as collaborators, facilitating service users to identify needs and outcomes. During intervention with Mr AB sessions, in the form of an exchange model, were carried out endeavoring that further assessment became a process of disco urse rather than just a fact finding mission with the exchanging of ideas and information. This approach is compatible with the framework of task centered practice, appropriate with this intervention (Ford Postle, 2000)Key work sessions started with Mr AB and from the outset the process was explained and the objectives made clear, it was also explained to Mr AB that due to company policies, and his shapes and conditions of stay in the night shelter, these sessions were time limited so a confident(p) ending to the professional human relationship was hoped for. It was also considered that this approach would reduce the power imbalance in the relationship however the power will never be fully balanced when makeal within legislative and multi agency procedures (Parker Bradley, 2008) However as say by Dalymple Burke (2000) it is necessary to enterprise to empower rather then disempowere with the need to balance power relationships. In this instance this can be evidenced by the written agreements in the form of the assessment and support plan. Weekly key worker sessions agreed to by Mr AB fork overd further support as required and opportunity to look into whether desired outcomes were being achieved, as in the National Occupational Standards Key Role and outlined by Supporting People and the agency policy and procedures (ODPM, 2004). (Walker Beckett, 2007). It is also necessary to not only collect information as part of the key worker sessions but to balance findings in order to produce an boilersuit analysis of risks and need (Walker Beckett, 2007).Throughout the assessment procedure it is necessary to be aware of the influences of ethics, power, and professionalism along with anti- oppressive practice. Middleton (1997) states that in order to empower, it isnecessary to respect the individual, lift their strengths and coping abilities. It is in that respectfore vital that key worker sessions be conducted with a non judgmental attitude. While acknowl edging the key worker has different values and status to Mr AB showing acceptance to people in all situations can be difficult however as stated in by Carl Rogers (1951, 1961) the human psychologist the soulfulness should show they are genuine, and portray empathy and warmth.It become apparent as key worker sessions continued that Mr AB was reluctant to engage with this service as he was in pre contemplation (Denial) (Prowchaska Di Clamentis 1996). However, the threat of eviction if he did not adhere to his conditions of stay was a considerable worry to Mr AB as was the thought of get homeless and having to sleep rough. It is very important to remember that as key working intervenes in the lives of vulnerable people these people nurse the right not to be victims of untested and possible harmful interventions. This confirms the need of understanding how theory relates to practice and learning from research and evidence based practice (Rutter, 2006)This confirms Maslow (1970) who shows in his hierarchy of need, that before higher needs can be met basic needs are required to be in place.Therefore to allow Mr AB to fly the coop forward in his life he requires support to start a procces to put these needs in place (Giddens, 2006).Mr AB during his key work sessions discussed his feelings and it was snarl by him that no opportunities were open to him and that he was struggling against a monastic order that was oppressive and keeping him down. It was pointed out to Mr AB that his position in society was that of a lifestyle choice, that society is changing to support people to progress and that choices were open to him (Giddens, 2006)). It is however necessary to acknowledge as stated by Bronfenbrenner (1979) that different levels of society will influence the individuals life course. Also stated by Jack and Jack (2000) individuals are products of their environment and can never be fully understand separately from one another.As stated by Crawford Walker (200 5) transitions have the potential to be stressful even those that are planned and welcomed. As the intervention process progressed and the support plan auctioned positive outcomes including building on self confidence which led to Mr AB seeking and securing part time employmentDoel (1994) states that service user motivation may weaken and it was therefore important to continue supporting and encouraging Mr ABS interest and commitment to work. By adopting a model that worked with service users strengths helped to ensure that an anti oppressive focus was maintained.. Using task centered practice as discussed by Ford Postle (2009) goals were set which would support the researching and attending of courses which provide basic computer skills, with the attainment of each goal aimed to promote self-confidence and further motivation (Rooney Larsen, 1997).Subsequently in this instance the planned ending and outcomes have not been realized, with events determining an alternate course of ac tion (Walker Beckett, 2007).The first part of this essay will lookat the relationship between social work methods and substance abuseDenial can also be explained as a defence mechanism whichis establishedby aperson when there is adangerthat heor she will become aware of or actonunconsciousprimitive impulses that areunacceptable(Freud, 1967).). Knatz (1999) states that defense is a defense mechanism by which individuals are able to cope with unpleasant realities.Be aware that the term alcoholism implies disease/condition.Ifyouuse the term alcoholism in assignments, be sure toestablishthat youmeanto say alcoholism and not alcohol dependency). Ifyouusegeneralreferences around statistics on alcohol, try to refer to British statistics, you could use National Treatment Agency website reports, Office of National Statistics (ONS), NICE guidelines on treatment of alcoholdependencyfor British/UK data, all available on lineLetsgivethewordrelationshipa different definition from the dictionari es, forunlocking themeaningof thewordoften leadsto greater understanding.- in additioncolloquial, would be better to state, The word relationship has varied definitions from different sources of literature.Conflict is apartof most every interpersonal relationship.Thereforeit could be stated that managing conflict,is importantif the relationship is to belong-lastingand rewarding.Jason and Beth have numerous conflicts and barriers which prevent them from having a more effective relationship.Interpersonal relationships and communication (is a two-way street), in like manner colloquial, say have mutualityBeth and Jason seemto rarely communicatebetween each other, afurtherfactor which appears to contribute to the disintegration of their relationship.It can give rise to greater anxiety, depression,insomnia, and general distress, reducedself-esteemandconfidence, and sometimes disrupted family relations((Fryer,1992Jahoda,1982).BibliographyBarber, G (2002) Social work with addiction.Palgrav e Macmillan, HampshireBerger, G. (1993), Alcoholism and thefamily.New York Franklin WattsConville, Richard (1998) The meaning of relationship in interpersonal communication.Praeger Publications.Califonia.Heider, Fritz (1958) The Psychology of Interpersonal Relations.LawrenceErlbaumassociatesJahoda, M (1982) Employment and Unemployment (The Psychology of Social Issues).Cambridge University PressKnatz, H (1999) Getting on Oxford Books.OxfordLevinger, G. (1983).Development and change.Freeman and Company.San Francisco.Manstead, Antony S. R. and Miles Hewstone (1996).The Blackwell encyclopedia of Social Psychology.Blackwell Publishing, Oxford.Maslow, Abraham.(1954) Motivation and personality.Harper and Row, New York.Steele, CM (1985) Thepsychologyof drunken excess.London Press, London.West, Robert (2001) Thetheoryof addiction.Blackwell publishing, Oxford.The principle areas of social , administration and social workstudies include wellness issues and administration, employment services, community care, housing needs, crime prevention, disability checks,unemployment concerns, mental health, old age as well as social issues of raceor gender and poverty (Drake, 2001).Social work practice focuses on dealing with the problems of service users. The maintenance and improvement of their social, physical, and mental states is often dependent upon the effectiveness of social work intervention. (Miller, 2005)Providing appropriatesocial services is an important tush of social care policy and social policyin general (Adams, 2003).Welfare is general well being of individualsand when provided by the State, refers to a form of social security or social protectionthat aims to protect people from conditions such as sickness, ill health,diseases and poverty (Malin et al 2002)Social work practice has, over the years, become integral to Britains working life and current estimates put the number of active social workers in the country at significantly more than one million. (Parrott, 2 002)Social work practice focuses on dealing with the problems of service users. The maintenance and improvement of their social, physical, and mental states is often dependent upon the effectiveness of social work intervention. (Miller, 2005) Users of social work services are largely economically and/or socially disadvantaged, and the vulnerabilities, which arise from these circumstances, frequently contribute to the nature of their relationships with service providers. (Miller, 2005) Social work makes use of a broad wander of knowledge and incorporates information obtained from several disciplines it empowers social workers in practice to use their acquired knowledge and skills first to engage service users and then to bring about positive changes in undesirable emotional states and behavioural attitudes, or in positions of social disempowerment. (Miller, 2005)Social work makes use of a range of skills, methods, and actions that are aligned to its holistic concentration on individ uals and their environments. (Harris, 2002)Counselling, whilst being a catch-all term, used for describing of various professions, is, an important component of social work practice. (Rowland, 1993)Specific counselling approaches have been developed to instigate people with problems related to substance abuse, gluttony and for giving up smoking. (Pease Fook, 1999) In some areas of counselling, which deal with addiction, for example, with users of hard drugs, counsellors engaged in social work practice, function side by side, with sets of legal restrictions and moral issues. (Pease Fook, 1999)

Growing-Up Explored in Banana Yoshimoto’s Kitchen Essay -- Yoshimoto K

Growing-Up Explored in Banana Yoshimotos KitchenThe first time I read Kitchen, I knew I was experiencing something very special. Not since my initial reading of Catcher in the Rye have I witnessed such a perceptive look at the joys and pains of growing up. These coming-of-age novels capture our attention with plots that, while twisting and turning in creative, off-beat ways, remain believable. The writers of these novels tell us their stories with a baffling style more exciting than that of textbooks and assigned reading, a style not unlike a good one-sided conversation. Finally, within this great style of writing, the authors inculcate honest insights, often humorous and sometimes poignant, which do not carry a lecturing or authoritative tone. Banana Yoshimoto, as translated by Megan Backus, incorporates these trine elements of a successful coming-of-age novel into Kitchen skillfully. The result is magnificent.To keep a young person interested, an author must weave an interesting baloney. Kitchen is fascinating because the premise of the story is original A Japanese twenty-somethings grandmother dies and is taken in by an employee of her grandmothers favorite flower shop and his transvestite mother. Along the course of the story, the heroine discovers a ire for cooking, the young man dreams a dream with the heroine, and a crazy admirer kills the transvestite mother. In the end, the heroine and the young man realize their love for each other, without rase having shared a passionate kiss. Such a plot is interesting to the average teenager who craves the out-of-the-ordinary she wants escape. Kitchen certainly provides something different, but it does so in a known way. When the heroine Mikage finds out that Yuichis m... ...xperiencing life. When I read Kitchen, I sympathized with Mikages loss of her grandmother. Until now, I still do not truly know how such a loss feels. So, in some ways, to read a coming-of-age novel is an identification with what you ha ve experienced and a preparation for that which has yet to come. Some may argue that Kitchen is interesting just because it is written by a foreigner. Without speaking Japanese and reading the original material, we may not know how close the translation is. I argue that it doesnt matter. No matter from where you have come or how far in life you have gotten, after spending a little time in the Kitchen, you leave behind have learned without feeling you have been taught. In the world of those who are still growing up, that is the best way to learn.Work CitedYoshimoto, Banana. Kitchen. Trans. Megan Backus. NY Washington Square, 1988.

The White Hotel :: essays research papers

The White HotelDonald Michael Thomas began his writing career as a poet, and his early work was notable for the way it ranged across the heights of the fantasy worlds of scientific discipline fiction and of sensuality. Thomas was a superb writer, meticulous researcher, and a genius in deceiving the reader. He skillfully wrote The White Hotel, combining prose, poem, and science fiction, to make it a believable, conceivable, and a touching piece of literature. In his legend, Thomas makes realistic and believable references to Sigmund Freud and his psychoanalytic theories. Furthermore, he was able to capture the real Freud so well that some(prenominal) Freudian scholars believed this case study of Frau Anna G. to be a lost work of Sigmund Freud. This leads us to conclude that Thomas did not only possess a neat imagination for fiction, but was also well studied in his accounts of Freud and the Holocaust.Composed of a prologue and six sections, The White Hotel utilizes a variety of literary forms. The main characters of this raw are the celebrated psychoanalyst and theorist Sigmund Freud and Lisa Erdman, a twenty-nine-year-old, half-Jewish Viennese opera singer who comes to Freud for treatment of hysteria in 1919. This novel is by far sensation of the greatest works of English literature, exploring such concepts as, premonition, inhumanity, sexuality, and briefly, the concept of life after death. It is fashioned with umpteen images of love, death, life, and desire, taking the audience on a horrifying and diachronic depiction of the Holocaust. Thomas novel is written using the third and first person narrator, which seems to agree more knowledge than the reader or the character. I have to admit that I was distracted and even caught off guard by Thomas disorganization of chronological events. For example, the novel begins with presumably the middle of the story, after which the novel continues with the beginning and then ends the novel with a metaphorical ne w beginning for Lisa Erdman. Furthermore, many parallels and symbols can be seen in each section, which brilliantly connects them into a viscous story filled with meaning and dire premonitions of an inevitable future. Throughout this course, we have discussed various novels, from a psychoanalytic point of view, and we have been able to deconstruct many of the characters according to Freuds psychoanalytic theories. Ironically, in The White Hotel, it is those theories that allow the reader to be misguided, and not realize the important symbolism of Lisas symptoms.