Luis XIV, and His Selfish Ways :: European History Essays

Luis XIV, and His Selfish Ways If you were asked to answer the question, â€Å"Which king in European history was the best representative of absolutism?†, you would probably answer, â€Å"Louis XIV.† If you were asked to identify the king with the biggest palace and the most glamorous court, you would answer â€Å"Louis XIV.† If you were asked to identify the king whose reign coincided with the most glorious period of culture in his country's history, you would answer â€Å"Louis XIV.† If you were asked to identify what king fought an endless series of wars, heavily taxed his population, set up the pre-conditions for a revolution against his own system and was jeered by his people as his body was taken to be buried, then you would answer â€Å"Louis XIV.† Louis XIV was a great builder; he built many palaces and residences in France. His greatest remaining monument is Versailles, which was simultaneously a triumph and a disaster in the eyes of France. Louis XIV continued the policy of centralizing French government that Henry IV, Richelieu, and Mazarin started before he became King. Louis XIV also was blessed by having a number of very able advisors. Among the most brilliant was a man by the name of Colbert. Colbert was in charge of economic policies and under his direction the French economy expanded greatly. Louis XIV considered the Protestants, also known as the Huguenots, to be a nuisance, if not a threat to his rule. The Huguenots tended to be more urban, wealthier and better educated than the typical citizen of France. Louis had little understanding of the theological tenants of Protestantism. Some people think that Louis XIV was very important for the future prestige and importance of France. Louis XIV developed diverse manufacturing capabilities, more roads, more ports, more canals, an expanded navy and merchant marine, and all these gave France the potential for greater prosperity. This was looked upon highly by some people, but others were more impressed by the king’s building skills. His greatest remaining monument is Versailles. Versailles was used for residential and government purposes, but it also drew a lot of attention because of its beauty. The palace was filled with a glamorous court.

Literature Review on “An Echo in the Bone” by Denis Scott

On May 1974, the first performance of Dennis Scott's An Echo in the Bone was staged by the Drama Society at the University of the West Indies Mona campus in Jamaica. The play deals with the destructive impact slavery has left on the history of Afro West Indians. Scotts aim, through this play, is to reclaim and recreate the past lost to our ancestors as well as the voice taken from them, that merely stands today as an echo in the bone.Though he aspires to recreate the history of then enslaved, he also acknowledges that the past should not hold possession over one’s self but act as a guided to not repeat past mistakes. He focuses on the period of enslavement and its transition to post emancipation while using the thematic issues of racial prejudice, the supernatural, gender roles in society and the repercussions of history. He sees the past as a guide to fully understanding ones true identity and culture, a view many of his generation holds in high regard as opposed to the moder n generation who believes the past should remain in the past.With there being limited and somewhat biased credit of the period of enslavement, Scott intricate oral traditions and folklore animate his play to life with a sense of emotional and spiritual understanding. The title itself is a play on words and the play is written in colloquial language in Jamaican dialect and is centered on the murder of Mr. Charles, a white estate owner, whose death occurs nine days prior to the beginning of the play, presumably at the hands of a black peasant farm owner popularly known as Crew.In the pursuit to capture Crew, his shirt and machete were found by the river bed, covered with blood. It is this evidence that leads to the conclusion by his wife, Rachel, that Crew is dead. In accordance with her cultural tradition, Rachel decides to keep a nine night for her deceased husband. The play is set in Jamaica, in an old dilapidated sugar barn behind Crew's house in the year 1937 during the post-colo nial era. The italics in the play represent a prelude of the events that will occur in the play, as well as, the stage directions.A nine night or set up is a ritualistic ceremony concerning the celebration of life and death. â€Å"The Jamaican Negroes believe that for nine nights after death, the ghost rises out of the grave and returns to its familiar haunts† states Martha Beckwith in Black Roadways. Its origin is sourced from Africa though it incorporates Christian elements and is performed to encourage the deceased spirit to move on. Rum plays a very significant role in a nine night as it is used to â€Å"appease the rooming spirits of loved ones† states Mango Salute writer, Nadya-Kaye Phillips.Scott uses the nine night as an avenue to answer the unresolved questions Crew has left behind by the act of spiritual possession. He brilliantly manipulates the characters of the play to transport the audience to the past and present to fully understand the history of the en slaved and his need to recreate it and further more reclaim it. Through this possession the voices of the dead speak through the bodies of the living. It is during the opening scene that Crew's spirit manifests itself through Dream Boat after rum is spilt at the home of the deceased.In Jamaican folklore, the breaking of glass is seen as a bad omen. When the spirit takes hold of dreamboat, Madam uses the light of a candle and oil to free dreamboat of the apparition. Scott uses stage conventions and props to portray of light versus â€Å"darkness. † Light may act as a representation of life and nature as opposed to the darkness of death and the unknown. Sonson, Crew's first son, after putting on the clothes of his diseased father, became his father's vessel to host. These props aid in authenticating the play as it relates to the financial background of the main characters in the present.Primogeniture is the right, by law or custom, of the firstborn child to inherit the family e state, in preference to siblings, it is a practice commonly done in African Societies. The first barn male is treated specially as he will be the patriarch of the family should the existing patriarch die or is unable to perform his responsibility due to mental or physical health issues. This part of African culture makes Sonson the best character to be the medium through which Crew communicates. It is after this possession, that the audience is transported through time and space to a ship, docked off an African coast.The use of auditory imagery is consistent in the play through instances of the drum being beaten by Rattler as well as being heard along the dock on the coast of Africa when transported to the past. In this episode, Scott successfully multiplies his characters personalities without having additional cast, to integrate in this scene. Through this enactment we are able to see the opposing perspectives of slavery.We see the perpetual voicelessness of the enslaves through t he historical perspective of the tribal warfare among rivalling tribes in Africa who sold prisoners of war into slavery and that of their white oppressors in European society through the writings of Bryan Edwards and the Slave traders aboard the sea vessel on scene. The irony of this scene as it relates to the voiceless of the enslaved occurs through the violent act of Rattler's tongue being cut off in the past and Rattler in the present being a mute, here also we see Scott's genius use of characterization. Visual imagery portrays the harsh reality that the enslaved endured being captured, bought and sold like animals, this same reality that European authors dilute to create a false preconception.The play successfully links historical events with subjective fictionionalization which clearly depicts the seen and the unseen, the heard and the silenced. The names of few the characters can be compared with these characters personality. â€Å"Stone† for instance has been described as â€Å"strong, almost as strong as Crew,† however, Stone as well as other nine characters were given multiple personalities which meant that there was no individual characterization. This is better understood in the production of the play which was performed by only black characters who would where white masks to represent white characters.

Google And Motorola Essay

This $12. 5 billion deal is Google’s first step into the mobile device hardware market and can therefore be seen as a non- ­? horizontal or vertical merger, as Google has been active in the market at a different stage of the supply chain through the development of one of the major mobile device operating systems (OSs): Android OS. This merger will strengthen Google’s stance in the market for mobile devices and will mainly boost Google’s patent portfolio. Nearly one third of all mobile device sales in 2011 were smartphones with a growth rate of 58 percent from 2010. In this rapidly eveloping market with such a high number of consumers, it is of great importance that there is high competition in order to keep the prices low and to drive innovation. As this market is also very global, antitrust organisations all over the world, for example the United States Department of Justice or the European Commission need to check, whether a merger like the one that is presented in the following could harm competition or increase a firm’s market power in a market above an acceptable level. Additionally, this paper will face the question, whether the sinergies of this merger are big enough to influence the competition ommissions’ decisions. In order to answer these questions, this paper will firstly present the case and the decisions from both the European and the US point of view. Secondly, it will show an analysis of the economic background of the case to trace the steps of the two antitrust commissions and then, thirdly it will conclude with a competition analysis and a search for efficiency gains that justify the commissions’ decisions, followed by a short outlook. As an introductory part to this paper, I will give some general information about the firms, their operations prior to the merger and a projection of their ombined future. I will also present the notifying party’s (i. e. Google’s) reasons for why they would like to acquire Motorola. Following this are the EU and U. S. decisions and a short abstract on the differences in their approaches. 1 2. 1 Google, Inc. Google is mainly known as a provider of its internet search platform and online advertising services. Founded by Larry Page and Sergey Brin in 1998, it became a publically traded company in 2004 and since then it has become one of the biggest players in web- ­? based enterprises around the world. Its broad range of products goes from web search tools, via advertising services ike AdSense or AdWords, communication and publishing services, development resources, map- ­? related products, statistical tools and desktop applications to mobile applications and the operating systems Android for mobile devices and ChromeOS for personal computers. (Google, Inc. , 2012a) 2. 2 Motorola Mobility Holdings, Inc. MMI, formerly the mobile devices division of Motorola Inc. , became its own publically traded company in January 2011. In the 1990s it was the pioneer of the flip phone, the StarTac. With this and through its focus on this market segment it was able to develop its hit product, the super- ­? thin flip phone: Motorola RAZR. While these boosted its position in the analogue mobile phone market for a while, MMI’s slow adaption to digital technology made it lose the race to its rivals, e. g. Sony Ericsson or Nokia, in the beginning of the 21st century (Motorola Mobility Holdings, Inc. , 2010). Its market share began to drop with a record $1. 2 billion loss in 2007 and continued to drop in the years thereafter towards 2. 7 percent in 2010. This, amongst other issues, has led some people to believe that Motorola was nearing bankruptcy. (Gartner, Inc. , 2011) 2. 3 Reasons for a Merger In its own press release, Google Inc. (2012) states the ain benefits of the deal to be: 1. An acceleration of innovation and choice in mobile computing through which consumers will get better phones at lower prices and 2. A protection of the Android Ecosystem through Motorola’s patent portfolio, which guarantees Android to stay open- ­? source software, which is vital to completion in the mobile device space, as it is ensuring hardware manufacturers, application developers, mobile phone carriers and consumers all to have choice. Since 2008 Motorola has fully implemented the Android operating system for their 2 smartphones, which creates a â€Å"natural fit between [the two] companies† Google, Inc. , 2012b, p. 1). This, as well as Motorola being a member of the Open Handset Alliance (OHA), a consortium to create open standards for mobile devices, which now includes 84 firms from every part of the supply chain, will enable faster innovation. Another point that Google stresses in their facts about the acquisition is the long history of innovation in communications technology at Motorola Mobility and additionally the development of intellectual property. The latter is very important to Google as it will support their own, so far very small, patent portfolio to defend Android OS against the strong competition rom Apple and Microsoft, which is well explained in an extra paragraph in their press release. It is very important to Google to support the constant competition it has injected into the smartphone market since the introduction of the first Android phone in 2008. They are trying to give â€Å"consumers, application developers, and mobile carriers high- ­? quality alternatives to products like Apple? s iPhone and iPad and RIM’s BlackBerryâ€Å" (Google, Inc. , 2012b, p. 2). Google especially highlights what they will not be trying to do with the merger, in order to keep competitors and consumers calm. They do not want to close the Android cosystem and favour Motorola over other hardware manufactures. The Android OS will stay available to everyone on an open source basis. Google will also not force their partners to use Google search (in order to boost their own advertising revenues). 2. 4 The EU Decision The European Commission (EC) was notified of the proposed merger in late November 2011. Since Google and Motorola Mobility have a combined world- ­? wide turnover exceeding â‚ ¬5 billion and each have an EU- ­? wide turnover of more than â‚ ¬250 million, as well as neither one company is achieving more than two- ­? thirds of its EU- ­? Wide turnover within one European ountry, the merger has an EU dimension and has therefore to be allowed by the EC. In their analysis of whether the merger would bring about competition issues, the EC concluded to focus on the vertical relationships between â€Å"Google as the supplier of the open source Android OS and online services on the one hand and Motorola Mobility as a supplier of mobile devices and holder of important Intellectual Property Rights for mobile devices on the other hand† (European Commission, 2012, p. 4). The EC splits its initial market analysis into three parts: Firstly it focusses on the market for operating systems, secondly it analyses he market for mobile devices and thirdly it discusses the Standard Essential Patents (SEPs) 3 Google acquires from MMI. With their market analysis they conduct a competition analysis and conclude in all areas that the merger does not raise any competition issues, which can also be seen in the economic analysis that follows later. Their decision therefore is to drop the investigation and allow the deal to go through without any remedies or changes to be made. 2. 5 The US Decision The United States Department of Justice (DOJ) has approached the case in a similar, however, slightly different way. It combined the investigations f the merger case with acquisitions of certain patents by Apple Inc. , Microsoft Corporation and Research In Motion Ltd. , as all of these were linked to each other. In their analysis, the DOJ followed a similar approach to the EU, checking, whether the proposed acquisitions would create incentives and abilities for the acquiring firms to â€Å"exploit ambiguities in the SSOs’ F/RAND [fair/ reasonable and non- ­? discriminatory terms] licensing commitments to hold up rivals, this preventing or inhibiting innovation and competition† (U. S. Department of Justice, 2012, p. 2). In terms of Microsoft Corp. ’s and Apple’s acquisition of Nortel patents, the division’s concerns were lessened by the â€Å"clear commitments by Apple And Microsoft to license SEPsâ€Å" (U. S. Department of Justice, 2012, p. 1) on FRAND terms, as well as their commitments not to seek injunctions in disputes involving SEPs. However, the Department of Justice identifies Google’s commitments to be less clear. The Department refers to Google’s open letter to all Standard Setting Organizations (SSOs) and argues that Google’s statement does not directly provide the same assurance, as for example the other companies mentioned before. Google for example mentions in their letter that it will not seek njunctions for the infringement of SEPs against a competitor, however only for disputes involving future license revenues, and only if the counterparty â€Å"forgoes certain defenses such as challenging the validity of the patent; pays the full disputed amount into escrow; and agrees to a reciprocal assurance as the other companies’ statements concerning the exercise of its newly acquired patent rightsâ€Å" (Lo, 2012, p. 3). These are, however, only reasons for the Department to decide on further monitoring of how competitors are exercising their patents, in order to identify potential misuses of the SEPs and not to prohibit the merger.

Chicago Referencing †Citing a Conference Paper (Footnotes)

Chicago Referencing – Citing a Conference Paper (Footnotes) Chicago Referencing – Citing a Conference Paper (Footnotes) Conference proceedings are a great resource for students. And since academics attend conferences to discuss cutting-edge research, proceedings often include exciting new ideas. But how do you cite a conference paper? In this post, we explain this using Chicago footnote referencing. Footnote Citations In Chicago referencing, always give full publication information in the first footnote citation. For a published conference paper, this includes: n. Author’s Name, â€Å"Paper Title,† in Title of Proceedings, ed. Editor Name(s) (Place of Publication: Publisher, Year), page number(s) for cited section. In practice, then, the first citation of a conference paper would look like this: 1. Bill Riker, â€Å"Innovations in Seating,† in Proceedings of the Third Annual Behavioral Adaptations for Interstellar Travel Conference, ed. Jonathan Frakes (Santa Monica, CA: TNG Inc., 1987), 184. The format differs slightly for an unpublished paper (e.g., one that you saw presented in person). This is quite rare, but if you need to cite one, you need to include the following information in the first footnote: n. Author’s Name, â€Å"Paper Title† (paper presented at Name, Location and Date of Conference), page numbers (if relevant). An unpublished paper would therefore be presented like this: 2. Deanna Troi, â€Å"Feeling Change: Design Guided by Empathy† (paper presented at The International Conference of Feeling, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, June 20-22 1992, 21. For repeat citations of a paper, you can use a shortened footnote format. Bibliography The information to include in your bibliography for a conference paper is roughly the same as in the first footnote. However, there are a few differences. For a published paper, the format is: Surname, First Name. â€Å"Paper Title.† In Title of Proceedings, edited by Editor Name(s), page range. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year. For an unpublished conference paper, meanwhile, the format is: Surname, First Name. â€Å"Paper Title.† Paper presented at Name, Location and Date of Conference. In practice, then, we would list a published and an unpublished conference paper as follows: Riker, Bill. â€Å"Innovations in Seating.† In Proceedings of the Third Annual Behavioral Adaptations for Interstellar Travel Conference, edited by Jonathan Frakes, 180-201. Santa Monica, CA: TNG Inc., 1987. Troi, Deanna. â€Å"Feeling Change: Design Guided by Empathy.† Paper presented at The International Conference of Feeling, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, June 20-22 1992.

30 Quotes by Aristotle

30 Quotes by Aristotle Aristotle was an Ancient Greek philosopher who lived from 384-322 BCE. One of the most influential philosophers, Aristotles work was the foundational building blocks of all Western philosophy to follow. Courtesy of translator Giles Laurà ©n, author of  The Stoics Bible, here is a list of 30 Aristotle quotations from his Nicomachean Ethics. Many of these may seem like noble goals to live by. They may make you think twice, especially if you dont consider yourself a philosopher, but simply want age-tested ideas on how to live a better life. Aristotle on Politics Politics appears to be the master art, for it includes so many others and its purpose is the good of man. While it is worthy to perfect one man, it is finer and more godlike to perfect a nation.There are three prominent types of life: pleasure, political, and contemplative. The mass of mankind is slavish in their tastes, preferring a life suitable to beasts; they have some ground for this view since they are imitating many of those in high places. People of superior refinement identify happiness with  honor, or virtue, and generally the political life.Political science spends most of its pains on forming its citizens to be of good character and capable of noble acts. Aristotle on Goodness Every art and every inquiry, and similarly, every action and pursuit is thought to aim at some good, and for this reason, the good has been declared to be that at which all things aim.If there is some end in the things we do, which we desire for its own sake, clearly this must be the chief good. Knowing this will have a great influence on how we live our lives.If things are good in themselves, the goodwill appears as something identical in them all, but the accounts of the goodness in  honor, wisdom, and pleasure are diverse. The good, therefore, is not some common element answering to one idea.Even if there be one good which is universally predictable or is capable of independent existence, it could not be attained by man.If we consider the function of man to be a certain kind of life, and this to be an activity of the soul implying a rational principle, and the function of a good man to be the noble performance of these, and if any action is well performed when it is performed in accordance with the appropriate principle; if this is the case, human good turns out to be activity of the soul in accordance with virtue. Aristotle on Happiness Men generally agree that the highest good attainable by action is happiness, and identify living well and doing well with happiness.The self-sufficient we define as that which when isolated, makes life desirable and complete, and such we think happiness to be. It cannot be exceeded and  is, therefore,  the end of  action.Some identify happiness with virtue, some with practical wisdom, others with a kind of philosophical wisdom, others add or exclude pleasure and yet others include prosperity. We agree with those who identify happiness with virtue, for virtue belongs with virtuous  behavior  and virtue is only known by its acts.Is happiness to be acquired by learning, by habit, or some other form of training? It seems to come as a result of virtue and some process of learning and to be among the godlike things since its end is godlike and blessed.No happy man can become miserable, for he will never do acts that are hateful and mean. Aristotle on Education It is the mark of an educated man to look for precision in each class of thing in so far as its nature admits.Moral excellence is concerned with pleasure and pain; because of pleasure we do bad things and for fear of pain we avoid noble ones. For this reason, we ought to be trained from youth, as Plato says: to find pleasure and pain where we ought; this is the purpose of education. Aristotle on Wealth The life of money-making is one undertaken under compulsion since wealth is not the good we are seeking and is merely useful for the sake of something else. Aristotle on Virtue Knowledge is not necessary for the possession of the virtues, whereas the habits which result from doing just and temperate acts count for all. By doing just acts the just man is produced, by doing temperate acts, the temperate man; without acting well no one can become good. Most people avoid good acts and take refuge in theory and think that by becoming philosophers they will become good.If the virtues are neither passions nor facilities, all that remains is that they should be states of character.Virtue is a state of character concerned with choice, being determined by rational principle as determined by the moderate man of practical wisdom.The end being what we wish for, the means what we deliberate about and we choose our actions voluntarily. The exercise of virtues is concerned with means, and therefore, both virtue and vice are in our power. Aristotle on Responsibility It is absurd to make external circumstances responsible and not oneself, and to make oneself responsible for noble acts and pleasant objects responsible for base ones.We punish a man for his ignorance if he is thought to be responsible for his ignorance.Everything done by reason of ignorance is involuntary. The man who has acted in ignorance has not acted voluntarily since he did not know what he was doing. Not every wicked man is ignorant of what he ought to do and what he ought to abstain from; by such errors, men become unjust and bad. Aristotle on Death Death is the most terrible of all things, for it is the end, and nothing is thought to be either good or bad for the dead. Aristotle on Truth He must be open in his hate and in his love, for to conceal ones feelings is to care less for truth than for what people think and that is the cowards part. He must speak and act openly because it is his to speak the truth.Each man speaks and acts and lives according to his character. Falsehood is mean and culpable and truth is noble and worthy of praise. The man who is truthful where nothing is at stake will be still more truthful where something is at stake. Aristotle on Economic Means All men agree that a just distribution must be according to merit in some sense; they do not all specify the same sort of merit, but democrats identify with freemen, supporters of oligarchy with wealth (or noble birth), and supporters of aristocracy with excellence.When a distribution is made from the common funds of a partnership it will be according to the same ratio which the funds were put into the business by the partners and any violation of this kind of justice would be an injustice.People are different and unequal and yet must be somehow equated. This is why all things that are exchanged must be comparable and to this end, money has been introduced as an intermediate for it measures all things. In truth, demand holds things together and without it, there would be no exchange. Aristotle on Government Structure There are three kinds of  constitution: monarchy, aristocracy, and that based on property, timocratic. The best is  monarchy, the worst timocracy. Monarchy deviates to tyranny; the king looks to his peoples interest; the tyrant looks to his own. Aristocracy passes over to oligarchy by the badness of its rulers who distribute contrary to equity what belongs to the city; most of the good things go to themselves and office always to the same people, paying most regard to wealth; thus the rulers are few and are bad men instead of the most worthy. Timocracy passes over to democracy since both are ruled by the majority. Source Laurà ©n, Giles. The Stoics Bible Florilegium for the Good Life: Expanded. Paperback, Second, revised and expanded edition, Sophron, February 12, 2014.

CUSTOMER FEASIBILTY ANALYSIS Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

CUSTOMER FEASIBILTY ANALYSIS - Research Paper Example The plan for the proposed restaurant is divided into different sections Micro –Level Market Assessment This section reveals the target market intended by the restaurant to offer its products. Family with children and tourists of all age group irrespective of their appetite are the major target customers. Macro Level Market Assessments This section illustrates the market size and growth option for the restaurant. Accordingly, the population of the region is rising at a constant speed and the number of visitors also is increasing. Hence, the market size is relatively large and there also lies greater opportunities for the restaurant to expand the business. Macro Level Industry Assessment This section postulates the food and drink industry assessment. Accordingly, the bargaining power of customers, competition, threat of substitutes, threat of new entrants and suppliers bargaining power are moderate to high in the region. Micro Level Industry Assessment This particular section de picts the financial forecast for the proposed business. Accordingly, the start-up cost for the restaurant is estimated to be ?214,000. Accordingly, for the first four months of the start-up year, it is projected that there will be no profit. However, it is expected that the restaurant will gradually start earning substantial revenue and it is projected that the total revenue of the restaurant will exceed ?2 million. Team Assessment During the early stage of its commencement, 10 skilled and competent employees will be hired. The role of each staff will be to offer quality services to the potential customers. Summary and Conclusion This section summarizes the important points revealed in the report and duly concludes the report. To sum up, it has been ascertained that the idea of starting hala restaurant is projected to be immensely beneficial for the owners and at the same time it has potential opportunity to expand the business in the long run. SECTION 2 Micro –Level Market A ssessment: Overview of Primary and Secondary Research Undertaken To start up a business, it is essential to conduct research as the basis for the business plan in order to forecast the potential sales and growth for the proposed business. Thus, in order to execute the business plan of opening a hala restaurant in Liverpool, both primary and secondary research were conducted for ascertaining the viability of the proposed business plan. Correspondingly, secondary research was conducted using industry profiles, newspapers, demographic profiles and magazines. Additionally, primary research was conducted using yellow pages to identify competitors existing in the target market. Target Market and Its Pain Identified The proposed hala restaurant intends to operate in Liverpool. This location has been chosen due to various reasons. One of the most imperative reasons for the selection of the target market is that there are not many hala restaurants operating in Liverpool. Another vital reason for choosing Liverpool as the target market can be attributed to the constant increase in the number of visitors to the city. Despite the fall in the number of travellers visiting the United Kingdom, there has been a significant increase in the number of visitors visiting Liverpool (BBC, â€Å"Liverpool Area Tourism Figures Increase†). Correspondingly, this restaurant will offer an attraction for the local population irrespective of the age or appetite. At the same time, families with school

Growth, Development, and Economic Transformation Essay

Growth, Development, and Economic Transformation - Essay Example This would result in lesser inequality when a particular level of GDP per capita is achieved because of the trickling down of growth benefits. Furthermore, as economic growth takes place, people’s incomes grow and the resulting structural changes in the mindset and attitudes of people invoke them to become environmentally conscious which leads to ‘greener’ measures in the society, thereby reducing the rate of environmental degradation. The other aspect is that increased incomes and environmental awareness can induce governments to impose tighter environmental controls thereby enhancing environmental quality. Another theoretical framework to explain this is the â€Å"self-regulatory market mechanism† associated with the exchange of natural resources within an economy (Unruh & Moomaw, 1998). The stock of natural resources tends to decrease during the early growth stages which results in increased prices. This price signaling mechanism then induces lower explo itation of natural resources at subsequent stages in economic growth (due to high prices) (Unruh & Moomaw, 1998) (World Bank, 1992). Due to this reason, economies also tend to shift towards technologies that are less resource intensive. Thus, the shape of the Kuznets’ Curve (see Appendix 1) is not only explained by enhanced environmental government expenditure but also the price signaling mechanism of the free markets (Torras & Boyce, 1998). One school of thought argues that the present rate of environmental degradation has a tendency to enlarge in the long run, hence, government policy should aim at more rapid economic growth in order to climb up the hump or the turning point soonest possible. However this maybe a tedious process, taking several years before the curve slopes downward; the longer the wait the higher the abatement costs. Hence, the policy of waiting for the relationship to become negative can be potentially damaging. A more appropriate policy is to â€Å"tunn el through† the curve and to flatten it through government interventions such as subsidies on energy and agrochemicals and property rights on natural resources. It is also important to note that developing nations cannot follow what their developed nations did in early stages of development (Unruh & Moomaw, 1998). Infact, the amount of greenhouse emissions inherited by today’s less developed nations is much higher than that inherited by their developed counterparts in similar stage of development. Infact, several resource-intensive industries have shifted from the North to South, thus putting the latter at a disadvantaged position. In the absence of an international government, international environmental policies under the umbrella of ‘sustainability’ are required to enforce both wings (the developed and developing) to cut down environmentally harmful emissions. The change in proportions of labor and capital across various sectors in an economy is one of t he most significant features of economic progress of a nation. Research by Clark, Kuznets and Chenery has produced solid evidence for the notion of decline in the role of agricultural (primary) and secondary sectors of an economy and the simultaneous increase in the role of tertiary sector as the economy develops (Clark, 1940). However, in recent years there has been growing consensus amongst researchers such as Maddison, Buera and Kaboski that while the